Ionic liquid introduced NH2-MIL-53(Al) mixed matrix membrane coupled with UPLC-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid insecticides and their metabolites in different samples

In this study, a novel hydroxyl-functionalized imidazolium-based ionic liquid introduced metal-organic framework (OH-IL@NH₂-MIL-53(Al)) was prepared for the extraction of multiple neonicotinoids (NEOs) and their metabolites. The functionalization of ionic liquid obviously enhanced the generate affinity of OH-IL@NH₂-MIL-53(Al) towards NEOs and their metabolites through the pre-designed hydrogen-bonding and cation-π electron donor–acceptor interactions. Adsorption studies of OH-IL@NH₂-MIL-53(Al) showed rapid adsorption rates and excellent adsorption capacities (129.3–204.2 mg/g). Furthermore, OH-IL@NH₂-MIL-53(Al)-based mix matrix membrane (MMM), named OH-IL@NH₂-MIL-53(Al)-MMM, was prepared for dispersive membrane extraction (DME). The supporting of MMM integrated the OH-IL@NH₂-MIL-53(Al) powder, greatly simplifying the extraction procedure. A OH-IL@NH₂-MIL-53(Al)-MMM-based DME-UPLC-MS/MS with good linearity (R² ≥ 9987), low limits of detection (LODs, 0.001–0.120 ng/mL), and large enrichment factors (75–112) was developed. Based on the designed adsorbent, this work provides an easy and efficient method for the simultaneous analysis of fourteen NEOs and their metabolites in different samples and achieved satisfactory spiked recoveries (70.1–113.6 %).